Message the people around you. No internet, no server, no account.

Yapmesh moves signed, end-to-end encrypted messages, voice notes and files straight from phone to phone. Your key is your identity. A message rides in other people's pockets until it reaches the one it is for.

Free. Android 8.1 and up, 32-bit included. No phone number. iOS: in progress, not available.

Seven phones, some linked by Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Direct; a message hops between them and one phone carries it across a gap.

Live drawing: phones link over Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Direct, a message hops, rides in a pocket, and lands.
  • 2 min 53 sfor a 5 MB file over Bluetooth alone, verified byte for byte1
  • 108 sfor a message carried between two phones that never linked, by a third2
  • 1 hop, 2 radioslaptop → Wi-Fi → phone → Bluetooth → phone3
  • Android 8.1 ↔ 16a 2018 32-bit phone and a 2026 phone, linked and chatting4
  • 684 testson the open protocol core, all passing on 8 Sep 20265
  • 0 serversthere is nothing to send your data to

When you need it most

Built for the days the network is gone

Ordered by how many people it touches. Every number has a source at the end of the page. Each card names the rung of the ladder that does the work.

Internet shutdown

313
shutdowns in 52 countries in 2025; Pakistan alone had 206

When the network is switched off on purpose, phones are still on. Yapmesh links them over Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Direct, and a message keeps moving from pocket to pocket.

Bluetooth · Wi-Fi Direct

Earthquake, flood, cyclone

110 M
people affected by disasters in 2025; after Hurricane Helene, 74% of cell sites were down across 21 counties78

Towers fail first. Yapmesh needs none. An SOS reaches every phone in reach and is carried on for a day; it relays before it is even read.

Bluetooth · pocket-ride · SOS

Stadium, festival, pilgrimage

1.7 M
pilgrims at Hajj 2026; 663 million visits counted at Maha Kumbh 2025; at Taylor Swift's Melbourne shows, data demand was about double what the carrier expected and fans could not post91011

A million phones on one cell is how a network collapses. Yapmesh grows stronger with every phone: files spread faster the more phones hold them, and a fenced group exists only inside the venue.

Wi-Fi Direct · fences

Classroom and campus

3.1 bn
people live under mobile coverage but do not use the internet, mostly for cost12

Yapmesh began in a classroom with no Wi-Fi. A teacher's phone anchors a fence; the phones in the room share notes, voice and files with nothing to pay for.

Wi-Fi router · anchor fence

Office, site and clinic records

$4.99 M
the global average cost of a data breach in 2026, a record high13

Some documents are not supposed to leave the building. A fenced group keeps a project's messages and files inside it: the files are encrypted before they are ever cut into pieces, so a phone that relays them holds a box it cannot open, and a phone that walks out loses the key.

Wi-Fi router · anchor fence

Village with no signal

300 M
people live outside any mobile broadband coverage; 2.2 bn are offline1214

A message waits in the outbox, then rides with whoever walks to town. Where the carrier delivers SMS, a stuck message can go by text, three pieces at a time.

pocket-ride · SMS

Hospital and field clinic

100,000+
health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa without reliable power and internet, a programme estimate15

A ward group fenced to the ward: a member who walks out loses the key, and the group's files are encrypted before they are chunked.

Wi-Fi router · anchor fence

Ship, mine, mountain

7.4 / 10
is how seafarers rated their connectivity at the end of 2025, down from 7.816

A ship's Wi-Fi or a phone's hotspot is a rung of the ladder. No internet needed for the crew to talk, share manifests, or send a voice note down the shaft.

Wi-Fi router · Bluetooth

Protest and press

64
shutdowns during protests in 19 countries in 20256

No phone number, no account, no server to subpoena. Presence only with consent, an alias that rotates every 15 minutes, history that can disappear, keys exchanged by a tap or a sound.

Bluetooth · sound · disappearing history

How it works

Eight rungs. The phone picks; you never do.

A message goes on the best link it has, falls to the next after eight seconds, floods last. When every radio is exhausted it is marked stuck and offers the four hand-carried rungs. Tap a rung.

The Mesh tab: a live map of two phones two hops deep, and the ladder chips with Wi-Fi Direct lit and the other seven rungs dark.
The Mesh tab: a live map of two phones two hops deep, and the ladder chips with Wi-Fi Direct lit and the other seven rungs dark.

Pocket-riding

A phone that cannot see the recipient keeps a sealed copy and hands it over when they meet. The sender sees it happen.

1 · queued

Amina sends to Bilal. He is out of reach, so the message waits in her outbox, sealed.

2 · riding

Chen's phone, near Amina, takes custody. Amina's bubble says riding. Chen cannot read it.

3 · delivered

Chen meets Bilal. The message lands, the receipt rides back, Amina's ticks go double.

Verified with three phones on 8 Sep 2026: the middle phone held the message for a phone it had never met, 108 seconds later it landed.2

Five honest delivery states

  • Queued — in your outbox, nobody has it yet
  • Stuck — every radio tried; hand it over by SMS, screen, sound or any app
  • Riding — another phone is carrying it
  • Delivered — their phone has it
  • Read — they opened it
A message's tick changing from a single grey tick to a double tick and then to the read colour, filmed on a real phone.
A message's tick changing from a single grey tick to a double tick and then to the read colour, filmed on a real phone.

Files spread like a torrent

A file is cut into 16 KiB chunks under a Merkle root that is its name. Every phone that holds a piece serves it, rarest piece first, and each chunk is proven against the root before it is kept. A speedometer shows bytes per second and the time left.

Verified: 5 MB in 320 chunks, 0 rejected, identical hash on arrival; a 2 MB spreadsheet shrank on the wire and crossed in 4.6 s.193

SOS

One long press reaches every phone in reach

When there is no signal to call anyone, the phones around you are the network. An SOS is the one message Yapmesh sends to everybody, and the one every phone passes on before it even reads it.

Long-press to send

A press, a confirm sheet, an optional line of text and, only if you switch it on, your location and battery level. Nothing goes out by accident.

16 hops, 24 hours

An SOS crosses up to 16 phones and lives for a day. Every phone relays it first and shows it second, then keeps it and hands it to every new phone it meets.

Every phone alerts

A full-screen red banner on every phone running Yapmesh in reach, even ones whose owners have hidden themselves. Hidden phones still acknowledge, so your "seen by" count is honest.

Nobody can switch it off for you

There is no server to throttle it and no account to suspend. Anyone with the app is a relay, and anyone can send one.

An SOS banner across the top of a phone: SOS from Amina, next to you, Ward 4 is flooding, need hands at the east gate.
The SOS banner as it appears on the receiving phone.

Verified on two phones on 7 Sep 2026: a long-press on one phone put a red "SOS from Bravo, next to you" banner on the other at once, with the sender's battery level.19

What it is not: a call to the police, an ambulance or a rescue service. An SOS reaches phones with Yapmesh within radio range or carried by people who walk, and it can fail silently when no phone is in reach. Use your country's emergency number whenever you can.

Features

Everything a messenger does, with nobody in the middle

Screens are from the current build on a Samsung Galaxy A07. Each feature says whether it has run on real phones.

Chat with anyone in reach

A one-to-one thread on a phone: a quoted reply with a thumbs-up reaction, a photo, and a voice note with blue double ticks.
A one-to-one thread on a phone: a quoted reply with a thumbs-up reaction, a photo, and a voice note with blue double ticks.

Text, photos, quoted replies, reactions, stickers, places and contact cards, each sealed to the recipient with a key that ratchets forward every exchange.

Verified on phones
Text and photos verified; reactions and replies are built, not yet field-tested.

Send voice notes

A received voice note playing in a chat, with a waveform and the size, 16 KB.
A received voice note playing in a chat, with a waveform and the size, 16 KB.

Hold, speak, release. A four-second note is about 20 KB and arrived in three seconds over Bluetooth.

Verified on phones

Drop files that spread

The Files tab during a transfer: a swarm meter reading 399.5 KB per second in, a file 44% downloaded with 5 seconds left, and the line one of two phones have it.
The Files tab during a transfer: a swarm meter reading 399.5 KB per second in, a file 44% downloaded with 5 seconds left, and the line one of two phones have it.

Anything in the room's drop zone reaches every phone in range, and each phone that has it helps the next.

Verified on phones

Make groups with signed rosters

The members screen of a private group with three members: the admin, and two members, one of them linked right now.
The members screen of a private group with three members: the admin, and two members, one of them linked right now.

Who is in is a signed record, not a server's opinion. Keys rotate when someone leaves; each sender has its own chain, so one message read later never unlocks the ones before it.

Verified on phones

Fence a group to a place

The fence chooser: no fence, a circle on a map, an area on a map, Wi-Fi in the building, near an anchor phone, or a combination, each with its honest limits.
The fence chooser: no fence, a circle on a map, an area on a map, Wi-Fi in the building, near an anchor phone, or a combination, each with its honest limits.

A circle on a map, a building's Wi-Fi, or the phones in a room. Walk out and the key leaves your phone; walk back in and, if the rules allow, it returns with the history.

Built, not yet field-tested

Let chosen people sense you

The People tab: your own key fingerprint, contacts, and a contact whose presence line reads nearby now.
The People tab: your own key fingerprint, contacts, and a contact whose presence line reads nearby now.

Presence is a grant you give per contact: same network, same area, same room, same table. Everyone else sees a token that changes every 15 minutes.

Verified on phones

Send an SOS to every phone in reach

An SOS banner across the top of a phone: SOS from Amina, next to you, Ward 4 is flooding, need hands at the east gate.
An SOS banner across the top of a phone: SOS from Amina, next to you, Ward 4 is flooding, need hands at the east gate.

Long-press to confirm. It goes 16 hops, lives 24 hours, is relayed before it is read, and carries your location only if you say so.

Verified on phones

Call one hop away

Voice and video over any IP link: a router, a hotspot, Wi-Fi Direct. Signalling rides the mesh; media is direct. No IP path, no call, and the screen says so.

Built, not yet field-tested

Hand the app to the next phone

The Share the app screen: give Yapmesh to a phone that has nothing, with a Start a hotspot for them button.
The Share the app screen: give Yapmesh to a phone that has nothing, with a Start a hotspot for them button.

A phone starts a hotspot and serves its own installer. The other phone scans two codes and installs, with no internet at all. The signer's fingerprint is on both screens.

Verified on phones

Use it from a laptop browser

Switch on the laptop rung and any browser on the phone's Wi-Fi or hotspot becomes a full node, files included.

Verified on phones

Hand-carry by SMS, screen, sound or any app

A stuck message showing the row: no radio could deliver this, hand it over, with SMS, Share, Beam and Chirp buttons.
A stuck message showing the row: no radio could deliver this, hand it over, with SMS, Share, Beam and Chirp buttons.

When every radio fails the message says so and shows four buttons. Each does one thing on one tap. Nothing is sent without you.

Partly verified
SMS both ways, screen and any-app verified; sound is built, not yet field-tested.

See who has it, per member

A group thread where the sender's own message reads delivered to 0 of 2, because neither member is in reach.
A group thread where the sender's own message reads delivered to 0 of 2, because neither member is in reach.

A group message reads delivered to 3 of 5, read by 2, riding for 1. A phone that hides receives but does not count, which is the truth.

Verified on phones

Let history disappear

The new-group screen with retention: messages disappear after a chosen time, and delete everything when I leave.
The new-group screen with retention: messages disappear after a chosen time, and delete everything when I leave.

Per group: messages vanish after a chosen number of hours, and everything can be deleted when you leave. Enforced on every member's phone.

Built, not yet field-tested

Lock the app with your phone's lock

Fingerprint, face or pattern in front of Yapmesh, re-locking after a delay you choose. Yapmesh keeps no PIN of its own. It is a door on this phone, not a second layer of encryption.

Partly verified
On a phone that has a screen lock, the switch is live and tapping it raises the phone’s own system prompt; refusing that prompt while turning the lock on leaves the lock off and saves nothing. A successful unlock, and the locked screen covering an open chat, still need the phone’s owner rather than a laptop.

Decide when media shows

The photos and videos setting: open when downloaded, or wait for a tap so nothing appears on screen while someone is looking over your shoulder.
The photos and videos setting: open when downloaded, or wait for a tap so nothing appears on screen while someone is looking over your shoulder.

Photos and videos can wait for a tap instead of appearing as they arrive, for when someone is looking over your shoulder. A half-arrived file never opens.

Verified on phones
Photos verified on two phones over Bluetooth. The video tile was checked with a stub file, so the tile and its play button are verified but a real recording playing is not.

Spaces

A home for what you use the big apps for

The sentence has two readings, so here are both.

Where you do it todayThe Yapmesh spaceWhat is different
WhatsApp groupPrivate groupSigned roster; keys rotate when someone leaves; no server holds the list.
Discord serverOpen groupAnyone nearby can join; the key is public by design; no invite link to leak.
Telegram channelNearby roomEveryone in radio range reads it; each post shows how many phones saw it.
Instagram close friendsPresence grantsOnly people you grant can sense you, and only to the tier you chose.
Snap MapMesh mapPhones and links coloured by rung; nobody's position leaves their phone.
Slack workspaceAnchor fenceA group that exists only around the office's phones; walk out and the key goes.
Facebook eventGeo fenceA circle on a map with a grace period; mock locations count as outside.
Google ClassroomAnchor-fenced groupThe teacher's phone is the anchor; the room is the login.

Groups and the Nearby room are verified on three phones. Fences are built, not yet field-tested.2

Private by construction

There is no "we"

What leaves your phone

Sealed frames only: a signed header and a ciphertext. Relays see a size and a hop count. A group's files are encrypted before they are cut into chunks, so a phone that holds every chunk holds a box it has no key for.

What we can see

Nothing. There is no server, no account, no analytics, no crash reporter. This website has no tracker either. Nobody can be asked to hand over what nobody has.

What a neighbour sees

A phone in the mesh, and, only if you allowed presence for that person, a token that changes every 15 minutes and means nothing without the secret you gave them. Hide, and even your name leaves the air.

The primitives, named exactly

Ed25519signs every frame; your public key is your identity
X25519 sealed boxseals a message to one recipient when no session exists yet, and all control messages
Double Ratchetfor direct messages: forward secrecy and break-in recovery, bootstrapped from the contact code with no prekey server
Per-epoch group keys + sender keysa fresh key when a member leaves; a chain per sender per epoch, so every message has its own key
XChaCha20-Poly1305boxes group messages and files; ChaCha20-Poly1305 inside the ratchet
Merkle-verified chunksa file's name is the root of its chunk hashes; a bad chunk is dropped before it is stored

Read the protocol specification Threat model and what is not protected

No independent audit yet. The code is open so that one can happen.

Compare

Yapmesh next to the others

Every cell about another app comes from that app's own documentation, read on 8 Sep 2026. Where the maker does not say, the cell says so.

Yap21BriarBridgefyBertyMeshtasticFireChat (discontinued)SignalWhatsApp
Needs internetNoNo; Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or memory cards; Tor when online22No for messaging, but internet is required the first time the app opens2324No; Bluetooth LE and mDNS25No; LoRa radio to radio26No27Yes28Yes29
Needs a serverNoNo; an optional Mailbox runs on your own spare phone2230A licence server on first run; the app logs in3124No; optional replication servers32No; optional MQTT gateway26Not stated; device to device27Yes33Yes; undelivered messages are held up to 30 days34
Needs a phone numberNoNo; a nickname and a password35Not stated on the app page; the privacy policy lists phone number among registration data2336No; no SIM needed2537Not stated; the docs describe no account system38Not stated27Yes; usernames are optional but a number is still required3940Yes41
Offline rangeBluetooth, Wi-Fi Direct, Wi-Fi, SMS, screen, sound, any appBluetooth, Wi-Fi LAN, removable drives; no distance stated22Bluetooth LE, about 100 m by the maker's own estimate23Bluetooth LE, Android Nearby, Multipeer, mDNS; distance not stated32LoRa, kilometres; needs a separate radio from about $184243Bluetooth and Wi-Fi within 200 feet27None; no offline mode28None; no offline mode29
Multi-hop relayYes, 8 hops; SOS 16; pocket-ridingNo; syncs directly between contacts, forums replicate to subscribers22Yes; the app's hop limit is not stated; SDK profiles 50–2502331Not stated; "if a viable route exists"32Yes; default 3 hops, maximum 744Yes; limit not stated27No; server relayed33No; server relayed34
Files offlineYes, swarmed, any sizeImages only, heavily compressed; file attachments are a stated missing feature4546Not stated for the app; the SDK lists files and images with no size2347Yes; media and voice memos, size not stated37No; text up to about 200 bytes3848Photos; size not stated27Online only; the limit is not on the support site49Online only; documents up to 2 GB50
Groups offlineYes, signed rosters, fencesYes; private groups, forums, blogs35Public broadcast to everyone nearby; private groups not stated23Yes; multi-member groups32Yes; up to 8 channels51Yes; private groups up to 5027Online only; up to 1,00052Online only; up to 1,02453
Open protocolYes, spec and core library openYes; GPL-3.054No; closed app and SDK behind a licence key; uses the Signal Protocol3155Yes; Apache-2.0 and MIT; the README says not yet for sensitive data25Yes; GPL-3.056No27Yes; AGPLv328No57
Installs without a storeYes, from a friend's phoneYes; F-Droid and a direct APK58No; App Store and Play only23No for phones; Play and App Store only25Yes; F-Droid and a GitHub APK59Store apps only27Yes; a direct APK60Yes; a direct APK61
Works on a laptopYes, browser on a phone's hotspotYes; Briar Desktop 0.6.5 beta, without Bluetooth62No47Partly; a command-line client25Yes; web and desktop clients, radio required63No27Yes; linked to the phone64Yes; linked, up to four devices65
FreeYesFree; in maintenance mode since July 202646Free with ads and in-app purchases from $0.99 to $29.99; the SDK is sold per user2466Free; non-profit37Software free; the radio must be bought5643Was free; last update 2018, gone by 20206768Free; nonprofit, no ads69Free29

FireChat was last updated in 2018 and its service was gone by 2020.6768 Bridgefy: a 2020 Royal Holloway analysis found it offered no authenticity and no effective confidentiality; Bridgefy adopted the Signal Protocol in October 2020, and a 2022 USENIX Security paper broke it again.705571 Briar entered maintenance mode in July 2026.46 Berty's own README says it should not yet be used for sensitive data.25 Meshtastic needs a LoRa radio; the phone is only a client.38 Yapmesh has had no independent audit; read the security page before trusting it with anything.

Get Yapmesh

Three ways in

Download the APK

The first release-signed build is not published yet. The builds on our desk are signed with a development key and must not be installed from strangers. When the release exists, this box will show the file, its SHA-256 and the signing-key fingerprint, and the app's About screen will show the same fingerprint.

github.com/zakonweb/zynk/releases

Signing-key fingerprint
Compare it with About → Signer in the app and with the line on your friend's Share the app screen. If the lines differ, it is not the same app.

Android 8.1 or newer, 32-bit phones included. About 55 MB.

iOS: in progress, not available. No store listing exists yet, so there are no store badges.

What Android will show you

  1. Chrome or Samsung Internet may warn that the file type can harm your phone. Keep it.
  2. On first install: "For your security, your phone is not allowed to install unknown apps from this source" → Settings → allow this browser → open the file again.
  3. Samsung phones shipped with One UI 6.1.1 or later have Auto Blocker on by default; it refuses the install until Settings → Security and privacy → Auto Blocker is off.72
  4. Play Protect may say it has not seen the app before and offer to scan it; that is Google's check and it needs internet. Offline, it does not appear.73
  5. From 30 September 2026 Google starts requiring app developers to be verified in Brazil, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand, with the rest of the world to follow in 2027. On those phones an app from an unverified developer needs a switch in Developer options and a 24-hour wait. Registering Yapmesh's developer is on the list before the first release.7475

From a friend's phone

  1. They open People → Add someone → Share the app → Start a hotspot for them.
  2. You scan the Wi-Fi code with your camera, then the second code. Your phone will say "no internet"; choose to keep using the network and switch mobile data off.
  3. Tap Download, allow the source when asked, open the file, Install. Check that the fingerprint on their screen matches the one on your About screen.

Verified on 7 Sep 2026: a phone with nothing installed got Yapmesh from the phone next to it, 54.6 MB in about 45 seconds, and linked at once.17

On a laptop

On a phone with Yapmesh: Mesh → Use Yapmesh on a laptop. Join the phone's Wi-Fi or hotspot from the laptop and open the address shown. The browser becomes a full node: chat, files, the mesh map.

Open protocol

Read it, break it, tell us

The wire format, the ladder, muling, the swarm, the ratchet, groups, epochs and fences are written down in one document with section numbers that the code cites. The protocol core is a pure Dart library with no app or brand code in it; it runs in the browser too.

Security researchers: the security page says how to report and what is in scope. Security and responsible disclosure

Origin

Origin

Yapmesh began with one teacher, a classroom full of Android phones, and no Wi-Fi. The first message crossed a desk over Bluetooth on 6 September 2026, and everything since is in the test log.

FAQ

Questions people ask first

What does it do to my battery?

Yapmesh keeps Bluetooth and Wi-Fi discovery running while it is open, under a visible foreground notification, and relays with a battery-aware policy. We have not yet measured a full day: every bench session ran on USB power. The number will be published when it is real.

How far does it reach?

One link is a Bluetooth or Wi-Fi Direct hop: a room, sometimes a building. A message can cross eight such hops, and it also rides in pockets, so the honest answer is: as far as people walk. On a shared Wi-Fi or hotspot, the whole network.

What happens when nobody is nearby?

The message waits in your outbox and is offered to every phone that appears. After eight seconds with no way through it is marked stuck and shows four buttons: SMS, share, screen, sound. Nothing is ever sent without your tap.

Can a government read it?

Not the content: every direct message is sealed to one key with a Double Ratchet, every group message with its own message key. What a radio neighbour can see is that a phone is present and that frames of some size are moving. There is no server to compel and no phone number to look up. See the security page for what is not protected.

Why does it ask for SMS permission?

To receive a Yapmesh message that arrived as a text, so it lands in the chat instead of your inbox. Sending is never automatic: Yapmesh opens your own messaging app and you press Send. You can refuse the permission and Yapmesh still runs; the SMS rung then only sends.

Why no phone number?

A number is an account at a carrier, and an account is something that can be looked up, blocked, or handed over. Your identity in Yapmesh is a key made on your phone. You share it by QR, a tap, or a sound.

What if I lose my phone?

Your key is on that phone and nowhere else, so the identity is gone with it; contacts will see a new key when you come back and should verify it again. Turn on the app lock so a found phone shows nothing. Groups with retention forget old messages on every member's phone.

How do keys get verified?

A contact code is a signed bundle you get in person: scan their QR, tap phones, or let the phones chirp to each other. All three are proximity channels; a forged code fails the signature and is dropped. Groups verify every roster record the same way.

Sources

Every number on this page, with where it came from and when it was read.

  1. Yapmesh hardware log, Session 0, 6 Sep 2026: 5,242,880-byte file over Bluetooth in 2 min 53 s, hash verified. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/classroom-test-results.md
  2. Yapmesh hardware log, Session 5, 8 Sep 2026: private group on three phones, per-member counts, read receipt, encrypted group photo, muling in 108 s. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/classroom-test-results.md
  3. Yapmesh hardware log, Session 1, 6 Sep 2026: laptop browser → phone over Wi-Fi → second phone over Bluetooth, badge "1 hop"; 2 MB CSV in 4.6 s. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/classroom-test-results.md
  4. Yapmesh hardware log, Session 4, 8 Sep 2026: stuck row, Beam decoded, share in and out, SMS in three pieces to a real phone and received by a Yapmesh phone with its radios off, internet peer over a tunnel, Android 8.1 ↔ 16, three-phone mesh. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/classroom-test-results.md
  5. `dart test` in packages/zynk_core on 8 Sep 2026: "+684: All tests passed!" github.com/zakonweb/zynk/tree/main/packages/zynk_core/test
  6. Access Now / #KeepItOn, "Rising Repression Meets Global Resistance: Internet Shutdowns in 2025", March 2026: 313 shutdowns in 52 countries; Myanmar 95, India 65, Pakistan 20; 64 shutdowns during protests in 19 countries. www.accessnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/KeepItOn-Internet-Shutdow…, read 8 Sep 2026
  7. CRED / EM-DAT, "2025 Disasters in Numbers", March 2026: 358 events, 16,607 deaths, 110.2 million people affected. files.emdat.be/reports/2025_EMDAT_report.pdf, read 8 Sep 2026
  8. FCC Disaster Information Reporting System, communications status reports for Hurricane Helene, 29 Sep and 1 Oct 2024: 74.3% of cell sites out of service across 21 North Carolina counties on 28 Sep 2024. docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-406055A1.pdf, read 8 Sep 2026
  9. GASTAT (Saudi General Authority for Statistics), Hajj Statistics 2026, 26 May 2026: 1,707,301 pilgrims. www.stats.gov.sa/en/w/news/194, read 8 Sep 2026
  10. Uttar Pradesh government figure of 66.30 crore (663 million) visits to Maha Kumbh 2025, as reported by Deccan Herald, 6 Mar 2025. The count is disputed by some outlets; we say "counted", not "attended". www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/maha-kumbh-more-than-66-crore…, read 8 Sep 2026
  11. ABC News, 23 Feb 2024: Telstra carried 34.85 TB over three Taylor Swift nights at the MCG, demand "roughly double what would have been expected"; fans unable to post. www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-23/taylor-swift-melbourne-sydney-show-inte…, read 8 Sep 2026
  12. GSMA, "The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2025", 9 Sep 2025: coverage gap 300 million people (4%); usage gap 3.1 billion (38%). www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-calls-for-renewed-focus-on-cl…, read 8 Sep 2026
  13. IBM, Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026: the global average cost of a breach reached US$4.99 million, a 12% rise on the previous year and a record high. www.ibm.com/reports/data-breach, read 8 Sep 2026
  14. ITU, "Facts and Figures 2025", 17 Nov 2025: 2.2 billion people offline; rural internet use 58% against urban 85%. www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/PR-2025-11-17-Facts-and-Figures.aspx, read 8 Sep 2026
  15. Abt Global / USAID, Health Electrification and Telecommunications Alliance project page: "at least 100,000 health facilities" in sub-Saharan Africa lack reliable electricity and internet. A programme estimate, not a survey. www.abtglobal.com/projects/heta-powering-health-with-clean-energy-in-a…, read 8 Sep 2026
  16. The Mission to Seafarers, Seafarers Happiness Index Q4 2025: connectivity rated 7.42 out of 10, down from 7.81. www.missiontoseafarers.org/wp-content/uploads/SHI_Q4_2025.pdf, read 8 Sep 2026
  17. Yapmesh hardware log, Session 3, 7 Sep 2026: hotspot, /get page, 54.6 MB download in about 45 s, install on a phone with nothing on it. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/classroom-test-results.md
  18. Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi Direct: "There is no need for an access point." www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-direct, read 8 Sep 2026
  19. Yapmesh hardware log, Session 2, 7 Sep 2026: 320 chunks, 0 rejected, identical SHA-256; voice note in 2 chunks within 3 s; presence grant; SOS. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/classroom-test-results.md
  20. Bluetooth SIG, "Understanding Bluetooth Range": effective range is anywhere from more than a kilometre down to less than a metre, depending on radio, power, antenna and path loss. www.bluetooth.com/learn-about-bluetooth/key-attributes/range/, read 8 Sep 2026
  21. Yapmesh protocol specification v0.3, §5 transports, §6 delivery states and muling, §7 swarm, §8 encryption, §8a groups, §8b fences. github.com/zakonweb/zynk/blob/main/docs/zynk-protocol-spec-v0.3.md, revised 8 Sep 2026
  22. Briar, How it works. briarproject.org/how-it-works/, read 8 Sep 2026
  23. Bridgefy, app page and consumer FAQ (© 2024). bridgefy.me/app/, read 8 Sep 2026
  24. Google Play, Bridgefy – Offline Messages, updated 26 Aug 2026: internet needed the first time, ads, in-app purchases $0.99–$29.99. play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.bridgefy.main, read 8 Sep 2026
  25. GitHub, berty/berty README: BLE and mDNS, no phone number, Apache-2.0/MIT, "should not yet be used to exchange sensitive data"; last push 4 Sep 2026. github.com/berty/berty, read 8 Sep 2026
  26. Meshtastic, Introduction. meshtastic.org/docs/introduction/, read 8 Sep 2026
  27. Open Garden, FireChat page (Wayback Machine capture, 11 Jan 2020; footer © 2018): 200 feet, multihop, private groups up to 50, iOS and Android. web.archive.org/web/20200111174316/https://www.opengarden.com/firechat…, read 8 Sep 2026
  28. GitHub, signalapp/Signal-Android: uses the phone's data connection; AGPLv3. github.com/signalapp/Signal-Android, read 8 Sep 2026
  29. Google Play, WhatsApp Messenger, updated 5 Sep 2026: free, uses the phone's internet service. play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whatsapp, read 8 Sep 2026
  30. Briar, Download Briar Mailbox. briarproject.org/download-briar-mailbox/, read 8 Sep 2026
  31. GitHub, bridgefy/sdk-android README: licence validated over the internet on first run; hop-limit profiles; no licence file. github.com/bridgefy/sdk-android, read 8 Sep 2026
  32. Berty, Wesh protocol documentation, last modified 29 Mar 2023. berty.tech/docs/protocol/, read 8 Sep 2026
  33. GitHub, signalapp/Signal-Server, AGPL-3.0. github.com/signalapp/Signal-Server, read 8 Sep 2026
  34. WhatsApp, Privacy Policy, 4 Jan 2021: undelivered messages kept on servers up to 30 days; phone number required. www.whatsapp.com/legal/privacy-policy, read 8 Sep 2026
  35. Briar, User Manual. briarproject.org/manual/, read 8 Sep 2026
  36. Bridgefy, Privacy Policy, last updated 3 Oct 2024. bridgefy.me/privacy-policy/, read 8 Sep 2026
  37. Apple App Store, Berty Messenger v2.470.9, 22 Jan 2025: no SIM needed, media and voice memos, "hasn't been audited yet". apps.apple.com/us/app/berty-messenger/id1535500412, read 8 Sep 2026
  38. Meshtastic, Overview: the phone app is a client of the radio; application payload up to about 200 bytes. meshtastic.org/docs/overview/, read 8 Sep 2026
  39. Signal Support, Register a phone number. support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007318691-Register-a-phone-num…, read 8 Sep 2026
  40. Signal Support, Phone Number Privacy and Usernames: a phone number is still required to sign up. support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/6712070553754-Phone-Number-Privac…, read 8 Sep 2026
  41. WhatsApp Help Center, How to register your phone number. faq.whatsapp.com/684051319521343, read 8 Sep 2026
  42. Meshtastic, Range tests: ground record 331 km. meshtastic.org/docs/overview/range-tests/, read 8 Sep 2026
  43. Heltec, WiFi LoRa 32 (V3): $17.90–$19.90. heltec.org/project/wifi-lora-32-v3/, read 8 Sep 2026
  44. Meshtastic, LoRa configuration: hop limit default 3, maximum 7. meshtastic.org/docs/configuration/radio/lora/, read 8 Sep 2026
  45. Briar, "Briar 1.3 released", 7 Jun 2021: image attachments, "still heavily compressed". briarproject.org/news/2021-briar-1.3-released/, read 8 Sep 2026
  46. Briar, "Briar is in maintenance mode", 9 Jul 2026. briarproject.org/news/2026-maintenance-mode/, read 8 Sep 2026
  47. Bridgefy, FAQ (SDK). bridgefy.me/faq/, read 8 Sep 2026
  48. Meshtastic Android, Messages and Channels: maximum length 200 bytes. meshtastic.org/docs/software/android/user/messages-and-channels/, read 8 Sep 2026
  49. Signal Support, Send a message. support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007060212-Send-a-message, read 8 Sep 2026
  50. WhatsApp Help Center, How to send media, contacts, or location: documents up to 2 GB. faq.whatsapp.com/453914586839706, read 8 Sep 2026
  51. Meshtastic, Channel configuration: 8 channels. meshtastic.org/docs/configuration/radio/channels/, read 8 Sep 2026
  52. Signal Support, Group chats: size limit of 1000. support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007319331-Group-chats, read 8 Sep 2026
  53. WhatsApp Help Center, How to create and invite into a group: up to 1024 members. faq.whatsapp.com/3242937609289432, read 8 Sep 2026
  54. F-Droid, Briar 1.5.19, 15 Jul 2026, GPL-3.0-or-later. f-droid.org/en/packages/org.briarproject.briar.android/, read 8 Sep 2026
  55. Bridgefy, "Press Release – Major Security Updates at Bridgefy!", 30 Oct 2020: adopted the Signal Protocol. blog.bridgefy.me/blog/press-release-major-security-updates-at-bridgefy…, read 8 Sep 2026
  56. GitHub, meshtastic/firmware, GPL-3.0. github.com/meshtastic/firmware, read 8 Sep 2026
  57. WhatsApp, Terms of Service, 4 Jan 2021: a limited, revocable licence to use the Services; no source published. www.whatsapp.com/legal/terms-of-service, read 8 Sep 2026
  58. Briar, Download Briar: F-Droid or the APK directly. briarproject.org/download-briar/, read 8 Sep 2026
  59. GitHub, meshtastic/Meshtastic-Android: F-Droid, IzzyOnDroid, GitHub APK. github.com/meshtastic/Meshtastic-Android, read 8 Sep 2026
  60. Signal, Android APK download. signal.org/android/apk/, read 8 Sep 2026
  61. WhatsApp, Android download page: "Download WhatsApp directly". www.whatsapp.com/android, read 8 Sep 2026
  62. Briar, Download Briar Desktop: 0.6.5-beta, 20 Feb 2026, no Bluetooth. briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/, read 8 Sep 2026
  63. Meshtastic, Software: web client, desktop, Linux native. meshtastic.org/docs/software/, read 8 Sep 2026
  64. Signal, Download: desktop requires Signal on the phone first. signal.org/download/, read 8 Sep 2026
  65. WhatsApp Help Center, How to link a device: up to four devices. faq.whatsapp.com/1317564962315842, read 8 Sep 2026
  66. Bridgefy, SDK pricing: plans priced per monthly active user. bridgefy.me/pricing/, read 8 Sep 2026
  67. APKMirror, FireChat version list: last build 9.0.14, 11 Oct 2018. www.apkmirror.com/apk/open-garden/firechat/, read 8 Sep 2026
  68. Wayback Machine index for opengarden.com/firechat: live on 11 Jan 2020, 404 from 25 Apr 2020. web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx?url=opengarden.com/firechat/&from=2020&…, read 8 Sep 2026
  69. Signal Support, Donor FAQs: nonprofit, no ads, no trackers. support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360031949872-Donor-FAQs, read 8 Sep 2026
  70. Albrecht, Blasco, Jensen, Mareková, "Mesh Messaging in Large-Scale Protests: Breaking Bridgefy", CT-RSA 2021 (disclosed to Bridgefy April 2020, published 24 Aug 2020). eprint.iacr.org/2021/214, read 8 Sep 2026
  71. Albrecht, Eikenberg, Paterson, "Breaking Bridgefy, again: Adopting libsignal is not enough", USENIX Security 2022. www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/albrecht, read 8 Sep 2026
  72. Samsung UK support, "Protect your Galaxy device with the new Auto Blocker feature", updated 22 Jul 2026: on by default on devices shipped with One UI 6.1.1 and later. www.samsung.com/uk/support/mobile-devices/protect-your-galaxy-device-w…, read 8 Sep 2026
  73. Google, Play Protect warning guidance for developers, updated 18 Aug 2026. developers.google.com/android/play-protect/warning-dev-guidance, read 8 Sep 2026
  74. Android Developers Blog, 19 Mar 2026, "Android developer verification": limited-distribution accounts (no ID, 20 devices), the advanced flow with a 24-hour wait; enforcement from 30 Sep 2026 in Brazil, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. android-developers.googleblog.com/2026/03/android-developer-verificati…, read 8 Sep 2026
  75. developer.android.com, Developer verification guides, updated 18 Aug 2026: timeline and what users see. developer.android.com/developer-verification/guides, read 8 Sep 2026